領先同行伊西斯晶體解析毛坯演變，什么是石英晶體坯？這個共振表面如何塑造我們的世界？
當我們想到水晶時，許多人會想到石英。石英幾乎是水晶的同義詞，主要是因為它的豐富。石英是地殼中第二豐富的礦物。你可能在徒步旅行時撿到了一塊石英，或者你看到過這種礦物的閃亮礦脈穿過巖石。在博物館的禮品店，你很可能會發現一個孩子正在欣賞掛在項鏈上的一塊石英，他們認為這是一件有價值的珍寶。
我們在廚房工作臺面和同一廚房的玻璃器皿中最常遇到石英SMD晶體。人們不需要太大的想象力就能想象出一種礦物是如何幫助制造這些產品的。然而，令人震驚的是，一種已經存在了數十億年的材料還能提供重要的功能未來技術。怎么會？這一切都始于希臘語中的“推”
石英創新的歷史導致石英晶體空白
自19世紀后半葉以來，電子技術已經達到了新的高度，我們一直在朝著這個高度飛奔，那時電已經完全用于日常生活。在此期間，由于托馬斯·愛迪生、尼古拉·特斯拉和亞歷山大·格雷厄姆·貝爾等杰出人物做出了非凡的貢獻，電氣應用呈指數級增長。
也可以認為，雅克和皮埃爾·居里發現石英晶體作為一種電氣元件，應該與愛迪生、特斯拉和貝爾一起被載入開創現代的創新史。這兩位科學家(后者最終與他的妻子，開創性的科學家瑪麗·居里分享了一半的諾貝爾物理學獎)發現石英在被攪動時會產生電荷。他們將這種現象命名為壓電性，來源于希臘語“推動”,以解釋被動元件在受壓時如何釋放電能。
就像任何科學突破一樣，石英晶體產生的壓電性形成了實驗的基礎石英晶體振蕩器，包括亞歷山大尼科爾森和沃爾特蓋伊卡迪的貢獻。這些進一步的發展有助于科學家理解石英晶體在振蕩時產生一個可靠的特定頻率，這取決于石英塊的大小。到20世紀初，貝爾電話實驗室和通用電氣公司都開設了研究石英晶體的設施。
到20世紀20年代末，石英晶體單元被制造出來并出售，用于無線電和雙向通信。與此同時，第一個可識別的石英產品被發明出來，大多數記得模擬電子學的人都會認出它:石英表。石英表是由Warren Marrison發明的，他基于這樣的知識:當晶體被切割成特定尺寸時，會產生相當于一秒間隔的頻率脈沖。當集成到手表中時，一塊石英晶體用于控制手表秒針的計時，并保持完美的時間。
然而，是奧古斯特·e·米勒開始研磨石英晶振并將其出售給正在試驗無線電建筑的無線電愛好者。有趣的是，米勒最初對石英的專業知識來自他為眼鏡鏡片研磨石英的經驗，從而彌合了石英的實際用途與后來成為尖端功能之間的差距。米勒知道，要產生想要的頻率，石英必須被切割成一定的尺寸。就像雕塑家從一塊固體開始一樣，工程師從一塊石英晶體開始.
什么是石英晶體坯？
專業制造公司在其自然資源之外種植石英，并將其分銷給石英晶體組件的領先設計師。用于工程目的的石英被清除雜質，并在高壓釜中在精確的環境條件下變成晶錠。這確保了quartz的高質量(在行業術語中稱為高“q”因子)。
此時，被稱為“空白”的處理過的石英準備用作電子元件。它是利用蝕刻或研磨工藝切割的，這從根本上決定了它的頻率。工程師們已經嘗試了更小的尺寸和各種切割方法，以盡可能獲得最佳性能的頻率元件，特別是隨著對更高質量頻率解決方案需求的增長。如今，使用最新的測量軟件和自動化切割機械，制造商可以進行精確切割，生成非常小且有效的晶體坯。
在石英晶體可以參與工程過程之前，它配有電極和引線，密封在氮氣中以防止污染，并經過檢查以確保其在許多產品中的性能及其頻率性能優勢。領先同行伊西斯晶體解析毛坯演變.
可以進行戰略調整，以創造理想的性能特征:
到了1940年代，石英晶體成為最可靠的頻率產生材料。在第二次世界大戰期間，盟軍依靠其價值的無線電傳輸和雷達系統，證明了他們的成功不可或缺。
從那時起，我們對依賴石英晶體諧振器的技術的依賴呈指數增長，總體上與技術的爆炸式增長同步。石英一直是電子學發展的重要力量。在貝爾電話實驗室時代，它就伴隨著我們，并在最新的iPhone中繼續提供其關鍵功能。
雖然石英晶體振蕩器背后的基本屬性、效果和科學在過去150年中保持不變，但是集成石英的技術已經發生了巨大的變化。您可以在當今尖端技術中找到石英晶體電子元件，包括:
| 原廠編碼 | 廠家 | 型號 | 系列 | 頻率 | 工作溫度 |
| ECS-35-17-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 3.579545MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-40-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 4MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-80-18-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 8MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-200-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 20MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-270-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 27MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-110.5-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 11.0592MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-143-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 14.31818MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-120-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-80-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 8MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-110.5-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 11.0592MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-40-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 4MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-73-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 7.3728MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-160-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 16MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-100-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 10MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-36-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 3.6864MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-60-32-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 6MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-250-20-5PXDU-F-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 25MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-35-18-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 3.579545MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-250-18-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 25MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-240-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 24MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-60-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 6MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-120-18-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-147.4-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 14.7456MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-160-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 16MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-049-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 4.9152MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-80-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 8MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-240-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 24MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-40-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 4MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-80-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 8MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-35-18-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 3.579545MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-250-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 25MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-120-32-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-041-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 4.096MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-196-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 19.6608MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-200-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 20MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-184-20-5PXDN-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DN | MHz Crystal | 18.432MHz | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| ECS-36-20-5PXDU-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-7X-DU | MHz Crystal | 3.6864MHz | -55°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-184-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 18.432MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-160-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 16MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-120-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-200-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 20MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-250-18-20BQ-DS | ECS晶振 | CSM-8Q | MHz Crystal | 25MHz | -40°C ~ 125°C |
| ECS-120-18-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-100-20-5PVX | ECS晶振 | CSM-7SSX | MHz Crystal | 10MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-80-20-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 8MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-240-12-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 24MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-100-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 10MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-400-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 40MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-200-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 20MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-320-S-20A-F-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 32MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-120-20-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 12MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-98.3-20-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 9.8304MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-110.5-S-20A-TR | ECS CRYSTAL | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 11.0592MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-147.4-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 14.7456MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-184-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 18.432MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-200-20-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 20MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-240-S-20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 24MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-240.0014S20A-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 24.00014MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-360-S-20A-F-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 36MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
| ECS-400-S-20A-F-TR | ECS晶振 | CSM-8 | MHz Crystal | 40MHz | -10°C ~ 70°C |
When we think of a crystal, many of us imagine quartz. Quartz is nearly synonymous with the word crystal, primarily because of its abundance. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in our Earth’s crust. You have likely picked up a piece of quartz while hiking, or you’ve seen a sparkling vein of this mineral running through a rock. In museum gift shops, you are likely to find a child admiring a piece of quartz strung from a necklace, which they consider a valuable treasure.
We encounter quartz most frequently on kitchen countertops and in that same kitchen’s glassware. One does not have to stretch their imagination too far to imagine how a mineral could aid in making these products. However, it is staggering to think that a material that has been present for billions of years can also provide vital functionality in future technologies. How? It all begins with the Greek word for “push.”
Electronics have reached new heights that we have been hurtling toward since the latter part of the 19th century, when electricity was fully harnessed for everyday use. During this time, electrical applications increased exponentially, as luminaries like Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla and Alexander Graham Bell made their extraordinary contributions.
It can also be argued that Jacques and Pierre Curie’s discovery of quartz crystal as an electrical component should be included alongside Edison, Tesla and Bell in the history of innovation that ushered in modernity. These two scientists (the latter of whom eventually shared half of the Nobel Prize for Physics with his wife, the groundbreaking scientist Marie Curie) discovered that quartz, when agitated, creates an electrical charge. They named this phenomenon piezoelectricity from the Greek word for “push” to explain how a passive element releases electricity when stressed.
Much like any scientific breakthrough, piezoelectricity generated by quartz crystal formed the basis for experiments with quartz crystal oscillators, including contributions by Alexander Nicholson and Walter Guy Cady. These further developments helped scientists to understand that quartz crystal when oscillated created a dependable and specific frequency depending on the size of the piece of quartz. By the turn of the 20th century, Bell Telephone Laboratories and the General Electric Company both opened facilities to study quartz crystal.
By the late 1920s, quartz crystal units were built and sold for radios and two-way communication. Concurrently, the first recognizable quartz product was invented, which most people who remember analog electronics will recognize: the quartz watch. The quartz watch was invented by Warren Marrison, who built on the knowledge that a crystal, when cut to a specific size, generates frequency pulses that are the equivalent of one second intervals. When integrated into a watch, a piece of quartz crystal is used to control the timing of the watch’s second hand and keep perfect time.
However, it was August E. Miller who began grinding quartz crystal and selling it to radio enthusiasts who were experimenting with radio-building. Interestingly, Miller’s initial expertise with quartz came from his experience grinding the crystal for eyeglass lenses, thus bridging the gap between practical uses of quartz with what was to become a cutting-edge function. Miller knew that to create a desired frequency, quartz must be cut to a certain size. Much like a sculptor who begins with a solid block, the engineer begins with a quartz crystal blank.
Quartz is grown outside its natural source by specialized manufacturing companies for distribution to leading designers of quartz crystal components. Quartz used for engineering purposes is cleaned of impurities and turned into an ingot under precise environmental conditions in an autoclave. This ensures quartz’s high quality (referred to in industry jargon as a high “q” factor).
At this point, the treated quartz, which is referred to as a “blank,” is prepared for use as an electronic component. It is cut utilizing an etching or grinding process, which fundamentally determines its frequency. Engineers have experimented with smaller sizes and various cutting methods to attain the best performing frequency components possible, particularly as the demand for higher quality frequency solutions has grown. Today, using the latest iterations of measurement software and automated cutting machinery, manufacturers can make precise cuts to generate exceptionally small – and effective – crystal blanks.
Before quartz crystal can participate in the engineering process, it is outfitted with electrodes and leads, hermetically sealed in nitrogen for contaminant protection and inspected to ensure its performance in the many products its frequency capability benefits.
Strategic adjustments can be made to create desirable performance characteristics:
By the 1940s, quartz crystal emerged as the most reliable frequency-generating material. During World War II, allied forces relied upon its value for radio transmissions and RADAR systems that proved integral to their success.
Since that time, our reliance on quartz-crystal-dependent technology has grown exponentially, tracking with the explosive growth of technology in general. Quartz has remained a vital force in the evolution of electronics. It was with us in the days of Bell Telephone Laboratories and continues delivering its key functionality in the latest iPhone.
Although the basic properties, effects and science behind the quartz crystal oscillator have remained the same over the past 150 years, the technology into which quartz is integrated has changed drastically. You can find quartz crystal electronic components in today’s cutting-edge technology, including:
